{"id":101338,"date":"2022-11-23T11:26:00","date_gmt":"2022-11-23T17:26:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/news.medill.northwestern.edu\/chicago\/?p=101338"},"modified":"2022-11-27T10:28:29","modified_gmt":"2022-11-27T16:28:29","slug":"time-lapse-satellite-imagery-show-how-meltwater-plumes-trigger-calving-ice","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/news.medill.northwestern.edu\/chicago\/time-lapse-satellite-imagery-show-how-meltwater-plumes-trigger-calving-ice\/","title":{"rendered":"Time-lapse, satellite imagery show how meltwater plumes trigger calving ice"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>By Kala Hunter<\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Medill Reports<\/em><\/p>\n<p>As Greenland\u2019s glaciers melt from an abruptly warming climate, scientists are studying how mammoth glaciers are losing their ice. The research is urgent to better predict the speed of global glacial retreat that leads directly to sea level rise across the globe.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cYou study Greenland because it&#8217;s the future of Antarctica,\u201d said glaciologist Richard Alley, Ph.D., professor of Geosciences at Penn State University and co-author of a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/journal-of-glaciology\/article\/meltwater-drainage-and-iceberg-calving-observed-in-highspatiotemporal-resolution-at-helheim-glacier-greenland\/D6D777B0127FE4D3F8E218045ED07F8D\">study<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Greenland ice has been melting significantly over the past two decades. Greenland is losing an average of 279 gigatons per year, says Sierra Melton, Ph.D. candidate at Penn State University and co-author of the study with Alley.<\/p>\n<p>One gigaton is about the size of New York\u2019s Central Park in length and width, and as high as some of the tallest skyscrapers.<\/p>\n<p>Melton and Alley reported their findings of the Helheim glacier in Greenland at the annual Comer Climate Conference this fall.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cGreenland could contribute up to to sea level rise if its entire ice sheet melts,\u201d Alley said.<\/p>\n<p>The accelerating melt of Greenland in the Northern Hemisphere shows triggers of ice loss that could apply to the much larger ice sheets of Antarctica in the Southern Hemisphere.<\/p>\n<p>Melton and her colleagues published their <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/journal-of-glaciology\/article\/meltwater-drainage-and-iceberg-calving-observed-in-highspatiotemporal-resolution-at-helheim-glacier-greenland\/D6D777B0127FE4D3F8E218045ED07F8D\">latest findings<\/a> in 2021 to highlight how often meltwater plumes and calving are occurring, and why and where they are happening at Helheim glacier. Calving means huge masses of ice break off the ice sheet and tumble into the sea.<\/p>\n<p>According to Melton, Helheim is terminating at a rate of up to 25 meters per day.<\/p>\n<p><iframe title=\"Gigaton NYC comparison\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/773916570?h=9ac4d0c53b&amp;dnt=1&amp;app_id=122963\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><em>Video courtesy of NASA<\/em><\/p>\n<p>A phenomenon of meltwater plumes has been occurring over the past two decades due to warming temperatures across the globe and in Greenland. Temperatures are rising due to higher concentrations of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel emissions. As greenhouse gases that are embedded in all facets of industrialized systems rise, so do temperatures.<\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-101342 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/medill.wordpress.offload\/wp-media-folder-medill-reports-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/11\/fig-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"624\" height=\"240\" srcset=\"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/medill.wordpress.offload\/wp-media-folder-medill-reports-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/11\/fig-1.png 624w, https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/medill.wordpress.offload\/wp-media-folder-medill-reports-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/11\/fig-1-300x115.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 624px) 100vw, 624px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Fig.1<\/p>\n<p>At the base of the Helheim glacier terminus, there is a mix of sea ice and floating icebergs, known as the m\u00e9lange. Due to the difficulty and danger of observing these directly, Melton used time-lapse and satellite images to draw conclusions about how meltwater plumes impact calving events.<\/p>\n<p><iframe title=\"Meltwater plumes\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/773916710?h=662dd14f6d&amp;dnt=1&amp;app_id=122963\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><em>Video courtesy of Sridhar Anandakrishnan\/Penn State<\/em><\/p>\n<p>When water melts at the top of the glacier, it travels down to the base of the glacier. It then goes from the base of the glacier toward a m\u00e9lange and pops up in front of the glacier terminus \u2014 where the glacier ends \u2014 creating a meltwater plume from the pressure of the surfacing water. (See Fig. 1.)<\/p>\n<p>Time-lapse imagery and satellite imagery from 2011-19 revealed a pattern of plume location. This suggests the meltwater\u2019s path from the top of the glacier to the bottom has created a subglacial channel.<\/p>\n<p>Pressure from the base of the glacier is a key indicator of how the glacier will respond. Melton\u2019s study found that higher pressure from the base of the glacier will cause the glacier to calve (break off) instead of forming a plume, while just low pressure from the base of the glacier creates a plume.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_101341\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-101341\" style=\"width: 488px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-101341 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/medill.wordpress.offload\/wp-media-folder-medill-reports-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/11\/fig-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"488\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/medill.wordpress.offload\/wp-media-folder-medill-reports-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/11\/fig-2.png 488w, https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/medill.wordpress.offload\/wp-media-folder-medill-reports-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/11\/fig-2-275x300.png 275w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 488px) 100vw, 488px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-101341\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fig. 2 Location and visualization of Helheim glacial retreat. Colored circles depict the locations of all 21 plumes observed in satellite imagery from 2011 to 2019, and lines represent where the glacier ended.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Plumes and calving are, as Melton puts it, \u201cseparated in time and space.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Calving stopped when a plume appearedand started again when the plume disappeared. Yet the plumes can weaken the ice they are holding back.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cTime-lapse revealed that when the plume disappeared after many months that the calving occurred <em>within a few hours<\/em>,\u201d Melton said.<\/p>\n<p>The calving events contribute to enormous ice mass loss. As plumes and calving appear around Helheim, geoscientists and glaciologists will be able to look to this work to better understand how they may react and predict the future of Greenland and unlock predictions about the ice on Earth&#8217;s largest ice mass, Antarctica.<\/p>\n<p>As for the future of Greenland\u2019s ice, Melton isn\u2019t sure of studies that point to when Greenland\u2019s ice will fully melt. Scientists can only speculate on the future of Greenland based on past and current studies.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt is unlikely that Helheim will be gone anytime soon. Helheim is one of the major outlets from the Greenland Ice Sheet to the ocean, so as the Greenland Ice Sheet loses mass, a lot of the ice is draining through Helheim,\u201d Melton said.<\/p>\n<p>Sources:<br \/>\nMelton, S., Alley, R., Anandakrishnan, S., Parizek, B., Shahin, M., Stearns, L., . . . Finnegan, D. (2022). Meltwater drainage and iceberg calving observed in high-spatiotemporal resolution at Helheim Glacier, Greenland. Journal of Glaciology, 68(270), 812-828. doi:10.1017\/jog.2021.141<\/p>\n<div data-pm-slice=\"1 1 [&quot;ol&quot;,{&quot;style&quot;:null,&quot;start&quot;:null,&quot;backgroundColor&quot;:null,&quot;color&quot;:null,&quot;lineHeight&quot;:null,&quot;listStyleType&quot;:null},&quot;ol&quot;,{&quot;style&quot;:null,&quot;start&quot;:null,&quot;backgroundColor&quot;:null,&quot;color&quot;:null,&quot;lineHeight&quot;:null,&quot;listStyleType&quot;:null},&quot;li&quot;,{&quot;style&quot;:null,&quot;checked&quot;:null,&quot;value&quot;:null,&quot;displayValue&quot;:1,&quot;backgroundColor&quot;:null,&quot;color&quot;:null,&quot;listStyleType&quot;:null}]\" data-en-clipboard=\"true\"><em>Kala Hunter is a Health\/Science\/Environment graduate student at Medill. You can follow her on\u00a0 @<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/kalahunter\">kalahunter<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.kalahunter.com\">www.kalahunter.com\u00a0<\/a><\/em><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Kala Hunter Medill Reports As Greenland\u2019s glaciers melt from an abruptly warming climate, scientists are studying how mammoth glaciers are losing their ice. The research is urgent to better predict the speed of global glacial retreat that leads directly to sea level rise across the globe. \u201cYou study Greenland because it&#8217;s the future of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":868,"featured_media":101343,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[452,5320,28,29],"tags":[506,5321,5322,5323,5324,5325,733],"class_list":["post-101338","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-beyond-chicago","category-fall-2022","category-general-interest","category-health-and-science","tag-climate-change","tag-glacier","tag-greenland","tag-melting","tag-meltwater","tag-plumes","tag-water"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Time-lapse, satellite imagery show how meltwater plumes trigger calving ice - Medill Reports Chicago<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Scientists look at the relationships between meltwater plumes and calving glaciers in Greenland.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/news.medill.northwestern.edu\/chicago\/time-lapse-satellite-imagery-show-how-meltwater-plumes-trigger-calving-ice\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Time-lapse, satellite imagery show how meltwater plumes trigger calving ice - 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