{"id":36377,"date":"2016-03-09T16:24:37","date_gmt":"2016-03-09T22:24:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/news.medill.northwestern.edu\/chicago\/?p=36377"},"modified":"2016-03-09T16:31:58","modified_gmt":"2016-03-09T22:31:58","slug":"global-coral-bleaching-event-threatens-reefs-survival","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/news.medill.northwestern.edu\/chicago\/global-coral-bleaching-event-threatens-reefs-survival\/","title":{"rendered":"Global coral ‘bleaching’ threatens reef survival"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Kathleen Ferraro<\/strong><\/p>\n

Many of the ocean\u2019s coral reef populations are fast declining in what is the longest episode of coral bleaching on record.<\/p>\n

Global warming, the current intense El Nino, overfishing and land-based pollution are all contributing to rapid coral bleaching, or a potentially fatal loss of pigmentation caused by environmental stress, according to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration scientists. With a majority of the world\u2019s reefs threatened by some combination of these factors, extensive coral damage could mean certain coral species\u2019 extinction, a decline in ocean biodiversity and a restructuring of ocean ecosystems, said an NOAA scientist.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe are having a global bleaching event, a mass bleaching event,\u201d said Paulo Maurin, national education coordinator and fellowship manager for NOAA\u2019s Coral Reef Conservation Program. \u201cWhen you look at the bleakest reefs, they will, by the middle of the century, not stay around.\u201d<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Coral bleaching is a loss of pigmentation that causes energy drain that may eventually lead to a coral\u2019s death. Greta Aeby, a researcher at the Hawai\u2019i Institute of Marine Biology, likened bleaching to anorexia.<\/p>\n

\u201cIf [humans] refuse to eat for a long time, they use up any lipid stores and then their body has to start breaking down their organs, and that starts killing them. It\u2019s the same with coral,\u201d Aeby said.<\/p>\n

\"An
An infographic outlining the coral bleaching process, describing the transition from healthy to dead coral. (XL Catlin Seaview Survey)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Coral reefs are found in all of the world\u2019s oceans. Shallow coral reefs occupy just 0.015 percent of the ocean floor, yet are home to over one-quarter of ocean biodiversity\u2014or a broad variety of species\u2014according to NOAA. Deep-sea coral communities likewise host many species, though less is known about these reefs due to incomplete exploration.<\/p>\n

NOAA estimates that 500 million people worldwide rely on coral reefs for food and coastal protection. Reefs also sustain fisheries and local tourism industries, contributing nearly $30 billion to world economies annually, according to an NOAA statement. Significant reef death could hit local economies and the seafood industry hard. Eroded reefs could also spell danger for coastal areas.<\/p>\n

\u201cWith coastal protection, wave energy breaks on the coral reefs that are a little ways from shore,\u201d Aeby said. \u201cAnd if that protective layer is getting eroded every year, on top of global climate changes making storms worse than ever, that\u2019s a double whammy for any coastal state.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ocean acidification and rising ocean temperatures are two culprits in coral bleaching and death.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe oceans are warming because of excess CO2 in the atmosphere, and they are acidifying because the excess CO2 that doesn\u2019t stay in the atmosphere goes into the ocean,\u201d Maurin said. \u201cThat\u2019s making it harder for coral reefs to calcify, to make their calcium carbonate structures. So when you combine one with the other, bleaching is basically sapping out all of corals\u2019 energy.\u201d<\/p>\n

Global warming and the current El Nino are contributing to the longest coral bleaching event ever observed, which began in 2014 and is forecast to last well into 2017, according to NOAA.<\/p>\n

Disease and heat stress prompted by resulting rising ocean temperatures have made coral bleaching happen more frequently, to the point where corals are unable to recover before the next bleaching event begins, said NOAA.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt was a very strong El Nino last year, so we saw some bleaching in many places. And now we\u2019re beginning to see it again. So those El Ninos together, back to back, haven\u2019t given the reefs a whole lot of time to recover,\u201d Maurin said. \u201cJust like when you\u2019re sick and as you\u2019re coming on your way up, you get hit with another illness, you don\u2019t have the strength to fight it that you would otherwise. That\u2019s what is happening with coral bleaching.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"A
A coral reef in American Samoa before, during and after a bleaching event. (XL Catlin Seaview Survey)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Beyond environmental factors, human impact affects reef systems. Overfishing significantly cuts fish populations, which in turn throws the reef\u2019s ecosystem out of balance, according to Aeby. Specifically, a decline in herbivorous, or plant-eating, fish species means an abundance of algae enters the reef and threatens coral, Maurin said. Destructive fishing techniques also contribute to coral destruction and breakage.<\/p>\n

Land-based pollution also contributes to reef systems\u2019 decline. Sediment, trash and sewage wash into the sea, creating poor water quality that further contaminate coral ecosystems, Aeby said.<\/p>\n

With trends like this occurring worldwide, experts predict that the most threatened coral reef systems could disappear as early as the middle of this century, according to Maurin.<\/p>\n

This is problematic for reef systems, which host a quarter of all marine life, he said. As corals bleach or die, this habitat becomes inhospitable to many creatures. In fact, when a reef dies, you see a decline in that ecosystem\u2019s fish population within five years, according to Maurin.<\/p>\n

\"A
A green turtle swims in a bleached reef in Hawai`i . (XL Catlin Seaview Survey)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

And changes in species\u2019 populations can throw the entire ecosystem\u2019s food chain out of whack. Disturbances in even the tiniest food sources, like plankton, cause changes all the way up to the biggest predator and change the balance of life through an entire reef system, said Maurin.<\/p>\n

Fortunately, work is being done to prevent further damage. Take, for instance, the scientists at Maui Ocean Center in Kihei.<\/p>\n

Maui\u2019s coral population has experienced significant deterioration. The island\u2019s Honolua Bay saw a 33 percent decline in coral cover over the course of 12 years, according to Hawaii\u2019s Department of Land and Natural Resources data.<\/p>\n

Certain areas around the island are showing less than 10 percent coral cover\u2014the proportion of reef surface covered by live coral\u2014a significant decline that has only occurred over the past two decades, said John Gorman, head curator at the center. He noted that high nutrient introduction and sediment deposit are causing algae to flourish in local reef systems. This, coupled with a decline in overall herbivorous fish populations, further endangers Maui\u2019s coral.<\/p>\n

\"IMG_0326\"<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>
The center’s indoor wet lab, housing corals in tanks under blacklight. (Kathleen Ferraro\/MEDILL)<\/figcaption><\/figure>
\"IMG_0303\"<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Corals growing in Maui Ocean Center’s controlled wet lab tanks. (Kathleen Ferraro\/MEDILL)<\/figcaption><\/figure>
\"IMG_0329\"<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Nadine, an aquarist at the center, describes the coral experiment to aquarium visitors. (Kathleen Ferraro\/MEDILL)<\/figcaption><\/figure>
\"IMG_0325\"<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Rare species of coral, local to Maui, grow in Maui Ocean Center’s lab. (Kathleen Ferraro\/MEDILL)<\/figcaption><\/figure>
\"IMG_0270\"<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Some outdoor tanks housing growing corals at the center. (Kathleen Ferraro\/MEDILL)<\/figcaption><\/figure>
\"IMG_0271\"<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Corals in one of the center’s outdoor tanks. (Kathleen Ferraro\/MEDILL)<\/figcaption><\/figure>
\"IMG_0268\"<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Two young green turtles, a species that inhabit coral reefs, swim in their enclosure at the center. (Kathleen Ferraro\/MEDILL)<\/figcaption><\/figure>
\"IMG_0357\"<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Fish feed in one of the center’s coral reef exhibits. (Kathleen Ferraro\/MEDILL)<\/figcaption><\/figure>
\"IMG_0406\"<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>
A stingray swims in the center’s Open Ocean Exhibit. This species sometimes inhabits the rocky bottoms of reefs. (Kathleen Ferraro\/MEDILL)<\/figcaption><\/figure>
\"IMG_0419\"<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>
A young tiger shark swims in one of the center’s tanks. Tiger sharks frequently visit shallow reefs. (Kathleen Ferraro\/MEDILL)<\/figcaption><\/figure>
\"IMG_0360\"<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Reef fish swim through another of the center’s coral reef system exhibits. (Kathleen Ferraro\/MEDILL)<\/figcaption><\/figure>
\"IMG_0354\"<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>
A small coral reef exhibit at the center, where visitors can spectate reef fish in their natural habitat. (Kathleen Ferraro\/MEDILL)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div>\n

With local coral species threatened, marine biologists at the center are undertaking coral propagation research to preserve local reef ecosystems. They research the different growth rates between corals transplanted into the ocean immediately after their removal versus corals grown in a laboratory and transplanted into the ocean later in life. The research aims at identifying the most effective way to regrow and replant coral, thereby repairing and preserving reefs as quickly and efficiently as possible, said center officials.<\/p>\n

Other local preservationists are doing similar work, experimenting with coral growth to develop species of coral that can better adapt to changing ocean conditions.<\/p>\n

In addition to research, Maurin pointed to policy advocacy as a means for regulating overfishing and, eventually, helping reef systems recover. Aeby also noted that educating local coastal populations about the dangers of coral bleaching could instigate preservation and pollution regulation on a community level.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt is a serious issue and the reefs will die if it\u2019s not addressed,\u201d Aeby said. \u201cIt\u2019s a critical part of our islands, from fisheries to coastal protection to economies.\u201d<\/p>\n

Photo at top: A fire coral before and after bleaching, from left to right. (XL Catlin Seaview Survey)<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Kathleen Ferraro Many of the ocean\u2019s coral reef populations are fast declining in what is the longest episode of coral bleaching on record. 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