{"id":45192,"date":"2016-11-03T17:01:40","date_gmt":"2016-11-03T22:01:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/news.medill.northwestern.edu\/chicago\/?p=45192"},"modified":"2016-11-03T22:41:00","modified_gmt":"2016-11-04T03:41:00","slug":"our-thirst-for-energy-driving-innovation-and-mitigating-water-risks","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/news.medill.northwestern.edu\/chicago\/our-thirst-for-energy-driving-innovation-and-mitigating-water-risks\/","title":{"rendered":"Our thirst for energy – driving innovation and mitigating water risks"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Lakshmi Chandrasekaran<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cGreen city planning to create green roofs, green parks and deployment of green assets in places where we are worried about heat effects is necessary,\u201d said Jessica Hellmann,<\/a> director of the Institute on Environment from the University of Minnesota to keep climate change at controllable levels.<\/p>\n

\"Jessica
Jessica Hellmann called for more parks, roof gardens and green space to pull down temperatures in urban areas. (Lakshmi Chandrasekaran\/MEDILL)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

She stressed in no uncertain terms the need to uphold the international Paris climate agreement to limit global warming to 2 degrees centigrade\u00a0 (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit). \u201cWe just wrote a paper recently about using weather models in the Chicago land area and what would happen if you could turn 25 percent to even 100 percent of all roofs and make them green. How much would it reduce downtown temperatures in the event of extreme temperature scenario?\u201d said Hellmann, adding that their study<\/a> revealed how temperature plummeted by several degrees Fahrenheit.<\/p>\n

Hellmann and other climate experts addressed local, national and global impacts of the \u201cWater-Energy-Climate Nexus\u201d at Northwestern University\u2019s recent Climate Change Symposium. The Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern anchored the symposium to water and energy resources, keys to climate change solutions.<\/p>\n

A meeting of minds<\/strong><\/p>\n

ISEN Executive Director Michael Wasielewski <\/a>said in an interview that this symposium brought together policy-makers and students as well as scientists and so it serves to benefit researchers both from Northwestern University and other institutions tremendously. Wasielewski said he hopes that the conference is a conversation starter that allows individual researchers to get together and make connections. \u201cThis will ultimately lead to new projects and new solutions to address these problems,\u201d he remarked, highlighting the fact that technology curbing climate change may come from seemingly unrelated areas of science and engineering.<\/p>\n

The event hosted multiple speakers from universities and agencies across the country. Diana Bauer, director of the Office of Energy Systems Analysis, at the Department of Energy (DOE) said water is essential for power generation and advocated accurate power\/water models as critical to energy policy and decision-making. \u201cThe DOE has about 18 departments that focus on water and so we are focused on energy and it\u2019s connection to water, \u201c said Bauer.<\/p>\n

Mark Johnson, director of the Office of Advanced Manufacturing of the Department of Energy said,\u201d What our department focuses on is that if the scientists develop new technologies such as applications for clean energy, how do we get them out of the labs to the marketplaces?\u201d He spoke about DOE initiatives, to support partnerships between universities and industries, emphasizing the need for basic and applied sciences to collaborate and come up with energy efficiency solutions.<\/p>\n

Lowering our carbon footprint<\/strong><\/p>\n

Energy efficiency and alternative energy are part of the quest by scientists worldwide to lower fossil fuel emissions of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas responsible for warming our planet.\u00a0 As a chemistry professor, Wasielewski and his research group explore producing renewable energy sources such as solar fuels. In particular, his research focuses on artificial photosynthesis that\u00a0 uses solar energy directly to produce solar fuel.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe way we do that is by targeting solar energy to catalytically split water to generate oxygen and hydrogen,\u201d he said. Wasielewski\u2019s team also experiments with the use of solar energy to catalytically reduce carbon dioxide to liquid fuels, which could be easily stored. \u201cIt is an instance of worldwide effort in that area because the idea of directly using solar energy to drive carbon dioxide reduction to liquid fuel that can be used for transportation is a long-term goal of many researchers,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

Fracking and the risks of water contamination
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

The symposium featured talks on essential policies and reforms to target energy challenges. \u201cHydraulic fracturing is one energy field that requires more regulation,\u201d said Joseph Ryan<\/a>, a professor of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering at the University of Colorado, Boulder.<\/p>\n

\"Joe
Joe Ryan’s research in Colorado shows the need to control toxic chemicals in fracking fluids that could contaminate groundwater. (Lakshmi Chandrasekaran\/MEDILL)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ryan\u2019s research, funded by the National Science Foundation, is studying the impact of hydraulic fracturing on water pollution locally in Colorado. He said he believes that regulators can use this information as a decision analysis tool since water pollution isn’t the only problem related to fracking as climate change threatens increased water shortages in parts of the U.S.<\/p>\n

Ryan\u2019s research team looked at water acquisition practices for oil and gas fracking in two Colorado counties – Weld and Garfield. He showed that at least in Weld County, not all of the hydraulic fracturing fluid injected to drill oil and release hydrocarbons, flowed back up and continued to stay underground.<\/p>\n

But why would this be a problem? Ryan and his team analyzed the chemical compounds used in the fracturing fluid at high pressure to break up or \u201cfracture\u201d rock and extract oil. They focused on organic compounds in the fluid and found a large number of them –\u00a0 a total of 659 including guar gum, methanol, ethylene glycol among others. Many are toxic and some are also mobile and persistent, a subset of the 659 compounds that do pose a risk if they are released, Ryan said.\u00a0 \u201cWe should be worried about those\u201d due to potential contamination of groundwater supplies, he said. The additional risk here is that a few of the compounds are not monitored. As a result, Ryan and his colleagues suggested two major recommendations to\u00a0 Colorado regulators.<\/p>\n

First, monitor these compounds that are not commonly measured and \u201ccould be regarded as smoking guns that could implicate some contamination episodes,” said Ryan. Second, remove the hazardous compounds and increase the efficiency of fracking. \u201cUnfortunately the oil and gas companies have not put a lot of effort into making a ‘greener’ fluid since it\u2019s expensive and they do a lot of experimentation on the field. There\u2019s no work on how these compounds might affect things from a laboratory perspective,\u201d\u00a0 Ryan said.<\/p>\n

From local to global<\/strong><\/p>\n

Acknowledging the limitations of his study, Ryan said that not all geological considerations are transferable. However, the work on improving air quality and the treatment of wastewater coming out of these oil and gas wells are widely applicable, said Ryan – adding that each state is better off forming their own regulations.<\/p>\n

A controversial EPA report released in 2015 on the assessment of potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing for oil and gas concluded: \u201cWe did not find evidence that these mechanisms have led to widespread systemic impacts on drinking water resources in the United States.\u201d Scientific studies, such as the one from the University of Colorado, albeit alarming, are limited to a local scale affecting a smaller percentage of people. Should government regulatory agencies take action or dismiss local studies for not being\u00a0 \u2018widespread\u2019 and \u2018systemic\u2019 enough? Is there a magic number of people impacted that should prompt us to take action? \u201cThis is something we as a society and regulators have to decide,\u201d said Ryan.<\/p>\n

As for instituting climate change regulations, Chicago Congressman Michael Quigley<\/a> (D-5th), the keynote speaker at the symposium, enumerated some of the hurdles he faces. \u201cI serve with [some] people who don\u2019t believe in climate change and evolution,\u201d he said, citing his lack of a necessary quorum at times to carry out policy reforms.<\/p>\n

\"Congressman
\u201cI serve with [some] people who don\u2019t believe in climate change and evolution,\u201d said Chicago Congressman Mike Quigley in his keynote speech at the symposium. (Lakshmi Chandrasekaran\/MEDILL)<\/figcaption><\/figure>In the face of this opposition, Quigley lamented that despite being served by one of the most progressive presidents on environmental issues, not much has been accomplished in addressing the problems. \u201cThe frustrating part is that you are not even seeing climate change issues being addressed in the debates at all, since debates have become reality TV,\u201d he commented.<\/p>\n

As a ranking member of the Sustainable Energy and Environment Coalition (SEEC) at the House of Representatives, he strongly advocates policies for regulating environmental issues, limiting the threat to our climate.<\/p>\n

Quigley urged the scientists to synthesize their results and communicate to lay audience in an accessible manner so that it could be translated through our political system back through an active Congress.<\/p>\n

\u201dChange comes when the base core of the constituency say otherwise,\u201d remarked Quigley, as part of his closing statements.<\/p>\n

Photo at top: Lights across the U.S. at night as viewed by satellite. (NASA.gov)<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Lakshmi Chandrasekaran \u201cGreen city planning to create green roofs, green parks and deployment of green assets in places where we are worried about heat effects is necessary,\u201d said Jessica Hellmann, director of the Institute on Environment from the University of Minnesota to keep climate change at controllable levels. She stressed in no uncertain terms […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":300,"featured_media":45219,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27,2941,28,29,2951],"tags":[192],"class_list":["post-45192","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business","category-fall-2016","category-general-interest","category-health-and-science","category-politicsnational-security","tag-promo"],"yoast_head":"\nOur thirst for energy - driving innovation and mitigating water risks - Medill Reports Chicago<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/news.medill.northwestern.edu\/chicago\/our-thirst-for-energy-driving-innovation-and-mitigating-water-risks\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Our thirst for energy - driving innovation and mitigating water risks - Medill Reports Chicago\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By Lakshmi Chandrasekaran \u201cGreen city planning to create green roofs, green parks and deployment of green assets in places where we are worried about heat effects is necessary,\u201d said Jessica Hellmann, director of the Institute on Environment from the University of Minnesota to keep climate change at controllable levels. 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