{"id":63664,"date":"2017-06-13T11:37:34","date_gmt":"2017-06-13T16:37:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/news.medill.northwestern.edu\/chicago\/?p=63664"},"modified":"2017-07-07T16:03:32","modified_gmt":"2017-07-07T21:03:32","slug":"making-materials-in-space-freeze-it-first","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/news.medill.northwestern.edu\/chicago\/making-materials-in-space-freeze-it-first\/","title":{"rendered":"Making materials in space &#8211; freeze it first"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"dropcap\">This summer a team of Northwestern University undergraduates will finalize instrumentation designs for a\u00a0NASA satellite mission that will test the manufacturing of materials while in orbit.\u00a0 The students are building the device for\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.spaceice.org\/about\">SpaceICE<\/a> to study freeze-casting, a process that could eventually be used to build materials on other planets in space colonies.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIn terms of science fiction, the perfect use [of freeze-casting] would be to use soil on Mars and on the moon\u201d to make bricks or other necessities. \u201cWe hope we will impact the creation of the first space habitats from planetary sources,\u201d said materials science Professor David Dunand, the lead advisor for the SpaceICE project.<\/p>\n<p><iframe title=\"Freezing things in space starts with work on earth\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/221106275?dnt=1&amp;app_id=122963\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"featurecaption\">\n<!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Northwestern undergraduates will test freeze-casting for the extraterrestrial fabrication of materials in space. Freeze-casting starts with making solutions that must remain evenly mixed in orbit at zero gravity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>But building a grocery store on Mars would be a huge upscale. Right now, the intricate process of freeze-casting is still at an experimental stage. Researchers area creating\u00a0materials by suspending particles in fluid, freezing the whole batch and then evaporating off (sublimating) the frozen fluid. The process leaves behind a microscopically porous material in the once-suspended solution.<\/p>\n<p>It seems especially challenging to extrapolate the\u00a0process to building as you witness the series of intricate steps required to freeze-cast and analyze just a miniscule sample. At the same time, witnessing the process in miniature makes freeze-casting seem all the more amazing.<\/p>\n<p>The NASA-sponsored undergraduate-only mission will allow the SpaceICE team to test the process in zero gravity in a satellite\u00a0that another undergraduate student group is building at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_63685\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-63685\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-63685 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/news.medill.northwestern.edu\/chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/06\/IMG_1650.jpg\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/medill.wordpress.offload\/WP%20Media%20Folder%20-%20medill-reports-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/06\/IMG_1650.jpg 600w, https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/medill.wordpress.offload\/WP%20Media%20Folder%20-%20medill-reports-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/06\/IMG_1650-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-63685\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The box on the far left is the CubeSat that UIUC is building to house SpaceICE&#8217;s freeze-casting payload. (Lily Williams\/Medill).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Freeze-casting\u2019s origins go back to 1954, when NASA mixed some particles with water and froze the suspension in a freezer. They removed the ice and put the particles in a very hot oven to bond them all together. The process was then largely forgotten.<\/p>\n<p>But in the early 2000s, researchers took a step up and tried freezing under a thermal gradient, meaning cold temperatures aren\u2019t applied uniformly throughout the entire suspension. This gave researchers more control of the structure formed within the ice.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThis is when freeze-casting started gaining a lot of attention,\u201d said Krysti Scotti, the lead undergraduate researcher on\u00a0the SpaceICE project who will soon matriculate into a Ph.D. program with Dunand as her adviser. \u00a0\u201cIn this way, ice grows from top to bottom. The resulting porous structures are better controlled. They\u2019re long and directional.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The porosity of the materials left behind by freeze-casting is highly sought-after: it means less material is required to build. The ice creates a complex sheet pattern in the suspension as it freezes, leaving microscopic holes in the solid left behind after the ice is removed by sublimation (turned directly into a gas). The resulting material is lighter than a more solid material. This could mean less use of resources when building here on earth or in space.<\/p>\n<p>Scotti has been working on freeze-casting with Dunand for a couple of years now. They\u2019ve studied freeze-casting on parabolic flights \u2013 short and steep drops in retrofitted aircrafts that mimic zero gravity. But those have only been able to test freeze-casting for 30 seconds or so. With the current SpaceICE mission, they will be able to study freeze-casting for six straight months.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_63667\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-63667\" style=\"width: 591px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-63667 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/news.medill.northwestern.edu\/chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/06\/Picture13.png\" width=\"591\" height=\"1107\" srcset=\"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/medill.wordpress.offload\/WP%20Media%20Folder%20-%20medill-reports-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/06\/Picture13.png 591w, https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/medill.wordpress.offload\/WP%20Media%20Folder%20-%20medill-reports-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/06\/Picture13-160x300.png 160w, https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/medill.wordpress.offload\/WP%20Media%20Folder%20-%20medill-reports-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/06\/Picture13-547x1024.png 547w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 591px) 100vw, 591px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-63667\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Microscopic structures formed by freeze-casting. (Wang, D., Romer, F., Connell, L., Walter, C., Saiz, E., Yue, S., &#8230; &amp; Jones, J. R. (2015). Highly flexible silica\/chitosan hybrid scaffolds with oriented pores for tissue regeneration.\u00a0Journal of Materials Chemistry B,\u00a03(38), 7560-7576.)\u00a0Figure and figure caption reprinted without modification under CC BY 3.0. <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/us\/)\">\u00a0https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/us\/<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Although freeze-casting sounds like just melting and freezing water, the process involves many steps, notably, making a suspension to freeze.<\/p>\n<p>A suspension involves a liquid and some sort of particulate matter such as silver-coated glass. Particles in the liquid need to be able to move in response to the formation of ice crystals. If the particles all settle at the bottom, they might prevent ice crystals from forming, or they might be too heavy to form structures in response to the ice. Making the suspension alone takes a few hours, and the suspension must often be refreshed in order to complete accurate experimentation.<\/p>\n<p>In fact, the SpaceICE team devoted months to merely finding the right particulate to suspend. They needed a suspension that would remain suspended for six months in space as well as up to six months of storage time between finishing the satellite and launching it into space. They eventually settled on silver-coated glass balls suspended in water. Each ball is 45 microns in size, about half the width of a human hair.<\/p>\n<p>See the video\u00a0where Scotti and another undergraduate, Jonathan Young, mix the suspension Jonathan will study as part of his senior design project.<\/p>\n<p>Once the suspension is made (a) SpaceICE places it on a cold plate. Following the diagram below, the water closest to the plate will begin to nucleate, and ice crystals will begin to grow upwards, pushing the suspended particles out of the way (b). The ice crystals will continue to grow, forcing the suspension particles into an \u201caccumulation region.\u201d As the ice grows, the accumulation region will grow as well until the particles begin to push down in between the ice crystals (c). The suspension will freeze completely (d) and then researchers will remove the ice using a freeze-dryer (e). The remaining microscopically porous structure will be very fragile until SpaceICE bakes the structure, binding everything together (f) to create a new structure.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_63665\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-63665\" style=\"width: 975px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-63665 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/news.medill.northwestern.edu\/chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/06\/Screen-Shot-2017-06-01-at-1.34.06-PM.png\" width=\"975\" height=\"187\" srcset=\"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/medill.wordpress.offload\/WP%20Media%20Folder%20-%20medill-reports-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/06\/Screen-Shot-2017-06-01-at-1.34.06-PM.png 975w, https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/medill.wordpress.offload\/WP%20Media%20Folder%20-%20medill-reports-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/06\/Screen-Shot-2017-06-01-at-1.34.06-PM-300x58.png 300w, https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/medill.wordpress.offload\/WP%20Media%20Folder%20-%20medill-reports-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/06\/Screen-Shot-2017-06-01-at-1.34.06-PM-768x147.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 975px) 100vw, 975px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-63665\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Freeze-casting process. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.spaceice.org\/about\">Photo<\/a> courtesy of SpaceICE.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>***<br \/>\nSpaceICE\u2019s immediate goal is to improve terrestrial fabrication methods. By studying how freeze-casting occurs in space, without gravity, they can better understand how heating and cooling will affect fabrication of porous structures. Much of this work is novel.<\/p>\n<p>Right now, freeze-casting is still relatively new in the literature, making SpaceICE somewhat of a pioneer in the field. But Scotti is adamant about making the freeze-casting literature open source. She built a website, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.freezecasting.net\/\">http:\/\/www.freezecasting.net\/<\/a>, to catalogue and chronicle all freeze-casting research.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe site is up-to-date, other than all the stuff we\u2019ve been working on over the past few months,\u201d Scotti said, while soldering a computer SpaceICE has designed for taking temperature readings. When their satellite launches in 2018, it will send loads of new information back down to earth about the freeze-casting process and what it can do.<\/p>\n<p>Scotti also wanted to make clear that while freeze-casting is exciting, it\u2019s not all that Dunand\u2019s lab works on. \u201cPeople forget that the Dunand lab does other stuff than freeze-casting. In fact, freeze-casting is a <a href=\"http:\/\/www.dunand.northwestern.edu\/\">very small percentage <\/a>of what everyone actually does.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>On SpaceICE alone, engineering mingles with coding, the multitude of students working to build a machine to house the freeze-casting. Dunand advises a number of other materials science graduates and undergraduates who do nothing with freeze-casting at all.<\/p>\n<p>But freeze-casting is an exciting experiment right now, and pretty much all anyone on SpaceICE can think of as they scurry to complete senior design projects on the topic due in just a few short weeks before classes end for the summer.<\/p>\n<div class=\"featurecaption\">Photo at top: Undergraduate Jonathan Young of the SpaceICE lab shows off a finished suspension of titanium oxide that he will use to conduct freeze-casting experiments for making materials in space. (Lily Williams\/MEDILL)<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This summer a team of Northwestern University undergraduates will finalize instrumentation designs for a\u00a0NASA satellite mission that will test the manufacturing of materials while in orbit.\u00a0 The students are building the device for\u00a0SpaceICE to study freeze-casting, a process that could eventually be used to build materials on other planets in space colonies. \u201cIn terms of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":332,"featured_media":63670,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27,28,29,3893],"tags":[3900,3902,3901,502,192,3899],"class_list":["post-63664","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business","category-general-interest","category-health-and-science","category-spring-2017","tag-cubesat","tag-daid-dunand","tag-freeze-casting","tag-nasa","tag-promo","tag-spaceice"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.6 - 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