{"id":71014,"date":"2018-05-30T23:19:53","date_gmt":"2018-05-31T04:19:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/news.medill.northwestern.edu\/chicago\/?p=71014"},"modified":"2018-05-30T23:32:42","modified_gmt":"2018-05-31T04:32:42","slug":"reopening-war-against-all-puerto-ricans-in-the-aftermath-of-hurricane-maria","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/news.medill.northwestern.edu\/chicago\/reopening-war-against-all-puerto-ricans-in-the-aftermath-of-hurricane-maria\/","title":{"rendered":"Reopening ‘War Against All Puerto Ricans’ in the aftermath of Hurricane Maria"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Gwen Aviles<\/strong>
\nMedill Reports<\/em><\/p>\n

Authored by high-profile former New York State Representative Nelson A. Denis, \u201cWar Against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America\u2019s Colony\u201d is one of the most well-known books about Puerto Rico\u2019s colonial status. And ever since Hurricane Maria tore through Puerto Rico\u2014leaving thousands of people without basic necessities like electricity and water\u2014the book has only become more popular.<\/p>\n

Katy O\u2019Donnell, an editor at Nation Books which publishes \u201cWar Against All Puerto Ricans,” says they have \u201cseen a 54 percent growth in sales over the same period last year, so there has been a bump post-Maria.\u201d<\/p>\n

The increase in book sales seems to demonstrate that people are taking a genuine interest in the U.S. territory\u2014and its relationship to the mainland\u2014as it grapples with the aftermath of the most destructive Caribbean storm in the past 60 years. But like the island, the book has a deep-rooted and tumultuous political past.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Controversy surrounding \u201cWar Against All Puerto Ricans\u201d first arose shortly after its publication in 2015 when the historian Luis Ferrao publicly aired his dissatisfaction with the book in an OpEd for Dialogo, University of Puerto Rico (UPR)\u2019s digital publication. In the first essay of a three-part series, Ferrao outlines his interpretation of \u201cthe first 29 lies\u201d contained in \u201cWar Against All Puerto Ricans.\u201d<\/p>\n

This list of \u201clies\u201d is broad in scope. Ferrao finds fault with everything from Denis\u2019 assertion that the Puerto Rican flag was illegal on the island from 1948 until 1957 to his interpretation of the sterilization of women under Puerto Rican Legislature Law 136 to the very title of the book\u2014which Denis claims he derived from a quote by Elisha F. Riggs, Puerto Rico\u2019s chief of police from 1934-1936. According to Ferrao, Denis has wholly misrepresented Rigg\u2019s words to add to the sensationalism of the book.<\/p>\n

Ferrao concludes that \u201cWar Against All Puerto Ricans\u201d is historically inaccurate and compares the book with James Frey\u2019s \u201cA Million Little Pieces,\u201d a best-selling memoir released in 2003 that was later found to be largely fraudulent.<\/p>\n

\u201cDenis fabricates evidence, exaggerates figures and distorts already well-documented events in order to construct a fictional story under the guise of historical analysis,\u201d Ferrao wrote.<\/p>\n

Ferrao didn\u2019t get the last word, however. Naturally, Denis disagreed with this interpretation of his work, so he published a rebuttal entitled, \u201cThe Many Lies of Luis Ferrao\u201d on his own website. In this post, Denis not only supplied counterarguments addressing each of Ferraro\u2019s 29 accusations, but categorized Ferrao as a \u201cmercenary academic\u201d and his criticisms as an attempt at a \u201cmid-career boost.\u201d<\/p>\n

Despite the public nature of Denis\u2019 and Ferrao\u2019s contentious back-and-forth and the fact that it occurred less than three years ago, it is likely that many new readers of \u201cWar Against All Puerto Ricans\u201d have never heard of the controversy. Ferrao\u2019s essays\u2014along with essays on the topic by other prominent historians such as H\u00e9ctor Melendez and Pedro Aponte V\u00e1zquez\u2014were published in Spanish. Even with the help of online translators, they aren\u2019t accessible for many Americans. <\/p>\n

In addition, most people on the mainland were not particularly attuned to or interested in occurances on the island before Hurricane Maria, though Puerto Rico\u2019s financial problems and political status were of no small magnitude. According to a poll conducted by Morning Consult in September, only 54 percent of Americans know that people born in Puerto Rico are U.S. citizens. While that percentage may have since increased given the amount of people who googled some variation of the question \u201cAre Puerto Ricans U.S. citizens?\u201d after the storm, it nonetheless highlights the mainland population\u2019s confusion, misunderstanding and ignorance about the island. <\/p>\n

In an attempt to better understand Puerto Rico\u2019s historical context, people are turning to resources\u2014\u201dWar Against All Puerto Ricans\u201d being among the primary ones. <\/p>\n

When asked to look retroactively at the book in the aftermath of Maria and with the understanding \u201cWar Against All Puerto Ricans\u201d might be some people\u2019s first exposure to any kind of Puerto Rican history, some scholars agreed with Ferrao\u2019s interpretation of the book as one with dubious veracity. Maria Acosta Cruz, a literature professor at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts, brands the book as \u201cpulp fiction\u201d and decries the non-fiction, historical labels booksellers give it. <\/p>\n

\u201cThe narration uses literary techniques for maximum impact,\u201d Acosta Cruz says. She identifies chapters 16 and 17\u2014which concern the nationalist barber, Santiago Vidal\u2014as especially histrionic. <\/p>\n

\u201cThe book\u2019s fictional heightening of history is laid bare when it recounts the anecdote of a nationalist that was fed his own son, a gruesome legend that has been used from Herodotus in ancient times to contemporary Game of Thrones,\u201d she said. <\/p>\n

Laird Bergad, a history professor at the City of New York (CUNY) Graduate Center, expressed more caustic criticisms. He accuses Denis of being a \u201cnutcase who knows nothing about Puerto Rican history and is just spouting nonsensical myths motivated by political ideology as opposed to historical facts. It\u2019s not worth the paper it\u2019s printed on. Real garbage.\u201d <\/p>\n

But there are other professors who not only consider \u201cWar Against All Puerto Ricans\u201d to be mandatory reading for their students, but who endorse the accuracy of the book. <\/p>\n

An associate professor of Spanish and linguistics at California State University\u2014San Marcos, Michelle Ramos Pellicia believes that the book gives a voice to the oppressed by narrating the stories of those suffering the consequences of colonialism and imperialism. As she sees it, the historical details recounted are only shocking because they are not discussed more often. In her opinion, it is even more necessary for people to read \u201cWar Against All Puerto Ricans\u201d these days given the federal government\u2019s lackluster response to Hurricane Maria. <\/p>\n

\u201cThe storm has highlighted the historically toxic and paternalistic relationship between the United States and Puerto Rico,\u201d she said. \u201cThe federal government\u2019s lack of rapid response pales in comparison to their response to the hurricane aftermaths of Harvey in Texas and Irma in Florida. FEMA is still criticized for its slowness and for denying aid to a number of people whose homes have been damaged. Reading \u2018War Against All Puerto Ricans\u2019 puts the current history in perspective. It is not a coincidence…Many are still without water and power. Many have died, and the government has denied their deaths. Many local businesses are unable to function again. Many U.S. mainland corporations are profiting off this aftermath, yet many Puerto Ricans have lost their relatives, friends, homes, jobs, everything.\u201d <\/p>\n

If \u201cWar Against All Puerto Ricans\u201d intends to educate readers about Puerto Rican history, but Puerto Rican academics themselves differ so widely in their opinions of it, what place does the book have in Puerto Rican literature and public scholarship? <\/p>\n

Maritza Stanchich, a literature professor at the University of Puerto Rico, offers a possible reconciliation: Understanding the book as a metaphor for the Puerto Rican-mainland relationship. She views the book as an allegory that epitomizes the strong emotions surrounding Puerto Rico\u2019s little-known and controversial treatment by the U.S. and notes that \u201cWar Against All Puerto Ricans\u201d was not published by an academic press but by Nation Books, which bills itself as an independent public affairs publisher.<\/p>\n

\u201cI hope future editions are corrected, as parts of the book \u2026 merit broader discussion,\u201d she said. \u201cDenis\u2019 book will no doubt continue to engender spirited debate, as it well should.\u201d <\/p>\n

Photo at top: Nelson A. Denis’ controversial book “War Against All Puerto Ricans.” (Gwen Aviles\/MEDILL)<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Gwen Aviles Medill Reports Authored by high-profile former New York State Representative Nelson A. Denis, \u201cWar Against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America\u2019s Colony\u201d is one of the most well-known books about Puerto Rico\u2019s colonial status. And ever since Hurricane Maria tore through Puerto Rico\u2014leaving thousands of people without basic necessities like […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":474,"featured_media":71016,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4227],"tags":[87,4340,1811],"class_list":["post-71014","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-spring-2018","tag-economy","tag-hurricane","tag-puerto-rico"],"yoast_head":"\nReopening 'War Against All Puerto Ricans' in the aftermath of Hurricane Maria - Medill Reports Chicago<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/news.medill.northwestern.edu\/chicago\/reopening-war-against-all-puerto-ricans-in-the-aftermath-of-hurricane-maria\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Reopening 'War Against All Puerto Ricans' in the aftermath of Hurricane Maria - Medill Reports Chicago\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By Gwen Aviles Medill Reports Authored by high-profile former New York State Representative Nelson A. Denis, \u201cWar Against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America\u2019s Colony\u201d is one of the most well-known books about Puerto Rico\u2019s colonial status. 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