{"id":72948,"date":"2018-12-12T22:38:19","date_gmt":"2018-12-13T04:38:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/news.medill.northwestern.edu\/chicago\/?p=72948"},"modified":"2018-12-12T22:38:19","modified_gmt":"2018-12-13T04:38:19","slug":"scientists-investigate-how-the-ocean-pump-is-slowing-global-warming","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/news.medill.northwestern.edu\/chicago\/scientists-investigate-how-the-ocean-pump-is-slowing-global-warming\/","title":{"rendered":"Scientists investigate how the “ocean pump” is slowing global warming"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Karyn Simpson<\/strong>
\nMedill Reports<\/em><\/p>\n

Scientists are taking a serious look at ocean biological systems that temper carbon levels in the atmosphere and trap them in the ocean depths, a way to slow global warming and put off the 2\u00b0 C temperature rise that would trigger disastrous levels of sea level rise, extreme temperatures, rainfall and drought.<\/p>\n

Climate scientist Jennifer Middleton calls these systems the ocean’s biological carbon pump and explained how it works at the annual Comer Climate Conference in southwest Wisconsin this fall.<\/p>\n

Middleton, a post-doctoral research scientist at Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, is studying these systems in the hope that scientists can find ways to use them to help mitigate the effects of climate change related to fossil fuel emissions.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

As outlined in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u2019s 2018 special report released in October,\u00a0 human-forced climate change is reaching a critical level as fossil fuel emissions of carbon dioxide drive global warming.<\/p>\n

We know that the ocean absorbs some 25 percent of the human-produced carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, mitigating climate change at the expense of ocean acidification that is already threatening marine life. But the ocean\u2019s biological carbon pump is different. The natural oceanic system relies on organisms such as phytoplankton and beneficial algae to draw carbon dioxide from the air, trap it as organic carbon and send it into the deep ocean, where it gets buried and is unlikely to rise to the surface for at least a millennium. This results overall in less carbon dioxide in the atmosphere \u2013 just what we need as we head toward the global warming tipping point of 2\u00b0 C, the warning cry of the recently released IPCC report.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere are these regions of the ocean where circulation causes the water to come up or down,\u201d said Middleton, who is studying ancient climate variability and iron fertilization in the South Pacific Ocean. \u201cIn these regions, the exchange of gases and heat\u00a0 between the ocean and the atmosphere are really important because they kind of set the scene for what gets pushed back down in the ocean and circulated through the whole ocean system for a while.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"J.
Jennifer Middleton, a post-doctoral research scientist at Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory shows how the ocean’s biological carbon pump can trap atmospheric carbon dioxide to slow climate change. (Photo Credit: Abigail Foerstner)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

These systems set the stage for the biological carbon pump, Middleton said. In areas where there is significant upwelling of nutrient-rich water to the surface of the ocean, you get a higher opportunity for ocean productivity, meaning it can take more carbon from the air.<\/p>\n

\u201cIn these regions, if you can get the ecosystem to generate a lot of primary production \u2013 so a lot of photosynthesis, turning carbon dioxide into organic matter \u2013 you can sort of suck carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and turn it into something that is fundamentally different from inorganic carbon, which then chemically behaves quite differently in the ocean,\u201d Middleton said.<\/p>\n

This organic matter is typically algae, Middleton said, which may sink to the deep ocean after it dies and \u2013 along with the carbon it contains \u2013 get buried on the ocean floor.<\/p>\n

\u201cIf it gets buried as organic carbon in the sea floor, then it’s kind of trapped there and you don’t have to worry about it anymore,\u201d Middleton said.<\/p>\n

It doesn\u2019t all get buried, though. Some of the carbon-containing algae will get eaten or will decay before it reaches the ocean floor, which oxidizes the carbon and ultimately releases it back into the air as carbon dioxide the next time the surrounding water returns to the surface, Middleton said.<\/p>\n

Ocean productivity \u2013 judged by how much carbon it biologically removes from the atmosphere \u2013 is highly variable across the globe and depends on a number of factors including water temperature, available nutrients and water density. By studying historical productivity patterns, scientists hope to learn what made certain areas and time periods more productive in order to explore possible ways to duplicate that in our present-day oceans more productive.<\/p>\n

\u201cRight now, [productivity] is higher than it was during the last ice age,\u201d said Kassandra Costa, a post-doctoral research scientist at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Costa spoke at the Comer Climate Conference about her research into productivity patterns across the North Pacific Ocean during the last glacial maximum. \u201cIt’s a little bit tricky as far as forecasting what’s going to happen under modern climate change because in addition to the nutrients that are reaching the surface, there are other factors that might influence how productive it could be. So I could imagine how productivity might increase with an increase in climate change because the surface water is getting warmer and it has more access to nutrients, but there are other factors that could actually reduce the changes in productivity.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"K.
Kassandra Costa, a post-doctoral research scientist at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, talks at the Comer Climate Conference about her research into productivity patterns of trapping carbon across the North Pacific Ocean during the height of the last glaciers. (Photo Credit: Abigail Foerstner)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The biggest limiting factor, Costa said, is the availability of nutrients and micronutrients needed to transform carbon dioxide in the air to organic carbon that can be buried on the ocean floor. When significant upwelling brings nutrient-rich water to the surface of the ocean, the key missing ingredient is iron.<\/p>\n

\u201cToday, they’re quite productive, but if they’re too productive, they run out of iron, they run out of that vitamin that they need,\u201d Costa said. \u201cSo that could be something that could basically just slow them down from taking off and being hyper-productive as a result of anthropogenic [human-forced] climate change.\u201d<\/p>\n

Scientists have hypothesized about a process called \u201ciron seeding,\u201d which could artificially force the ocean to be more productive and bury more carbon dioxide. This would involve adding iron to parts of the ocean that have a history of high productivity for the carbon pump system in hopes that doing so would eliminate that limiting factor and allow productivity to blossom.<\/p>\n

\u201cPeople have said, \u2018If we throw a bunch of iron into the Southern Ocean, that will cause a bunch of algae blooms that will then remove carbon from the atmosphere and maybe, hopefully, push it all the way down to the deep ocean and bury it. And then it’s not our problem.,\u2019\u201d Middleton said.<\/p>\n

But there are several unknowns with this theory that cause researchers to hesitate.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe don’t know the efficiency of what fraction of the carbon would stays down there versus coming back up again later, from a geoengineering perspective,\u201d Middleton said. Even if iron seeding increases productivity in an area, that means there\u2019s no way to say exactly what percentage of that would be buried long-term. \u201cAnd also, just every time humans try to do major-scale interventions of the earth system, it kind of backfires.\u201d<\/p>\n

There is also no conclusive data on what effects iron seeding would have on the ocean as a whole, Costa said. While the process might help remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, there may be consequences for the ocean system that scientists haven\u2019t yet predicted.<\/p>\n

\u201cI think it’s a little bit complicated because we don’t fully know the repercussions that it might have for the whole ocean system,\u201d she said. \u201cI think people are working on it, but I think at the same time we’re trying to be cautious because we don’t fully understand what the full repercussions of experimenting with the ocean like that would do.\u201d<\/p>\n

While scientists are interested in continuing to research the possibility of using the ocean to help delay the IPCC\u2019s predictions, it isn\u2019t the end-all solution, and other actions will need to be taken to avoid dramatic impacts from climate change across the globe.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe ocean’s not going to save us, not going to save the planet from warming, but it will potentially help,\u201d said Aaron Putnam, assistant professor at the University of Maine\u2019s School of Earth and Climate Science. \u201cI mean, half the carbon that goes in the atmosphere goes straight to the ocean. And a good portion of the heat that goes to the atmosphere, that’s in the atmosphere, gets mixed out in the deep ocean. But you know what the net balance is. You can see it in the CO2<\/sub> charts. You can see it in the temperature records. It’s still warming, so that’s not enough.\u201d<\/p>\n

Atmospheric carbon dioxide has now topped 400 parts per million due to fossil fuel emissions, while natural levels have never topped 300 parts per million in the 1 million years leading up to the Industrial Revolution.<\/p>\n

Photo at top: Oceanographers work on a research vessel in the Northern Pacific. (Photo Credit: R. Katz)<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Karyn Simpson Medill Reports Scientists are taking a serious look at ocean biological systems that temper carbon levels in the atmosphere and trap them in the ocean depths, a way to slow global warming and put off the 2\u00b0 C temperature rise that would trigger disastrous levels of sea level rise, extreme temperatures, rainfall […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":515,"featured_media":72954,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4447,28,29,30],"tags":[192],"class_list":["post-72948","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-fall-2018","category-general-interest","category-health-and-science","category-public-affairs","tag-promo"],"yoast_head":"\nScientists investigate how the "ocean pump" is slowing global warming - Medill Reports Chicago<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/news.medill.northwestern.edu\/chicago\/scientists-investigate-how-the-ocean-pump-is-slowing-global-warming\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Scientists investigate how the "ocean pump" is slowing global warming - 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