{"id":92474,"date":"2020-10-21T12:30:52","date_gmt":"2020-10-21T17:30:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/news.medill.northwestern.edu\/chicago\/?p=92474"},"modified":"2020-10-22T17:04:29","modified_gmt":"2020-10-22T22:04:29","slug":"rare-earth-metal-reveals-ancient-ocean-currents-in-south-africas-cape-basin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/news.medill.northwestern.edu\/chicago\/rare-earth-metal-reveals-ancient-ocean-currents-in-south-africas-cape-basin\/","title":{"rendered":"Rare-earth metal reveals ancient ocean currents linked to climate triggers"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Marisa Sloan<\/strong>
\nMedill Reports<\/em><\/p>\n

Despite the sci-fi name of this rare-earth element, neodymium is actually pretty common. The silvery metal is used in everything from cell phones and wind turbines to tanning booths and electric guitars.<\/p>\n

But it\u2019s the neodymium found thousands of meters below the ocean\u2019s surface that captured the interest of Dr. Sophie Hines, a postdoctoral research fellow at Columbia University\u2019s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Hines traced the metal trapped within ancient marine sediments to reconstruct changes in ocean circulation reaching as far back as one million years ago. She presented her research at the Comer Climate Conference<\/a>, an annual meeting of climate scientists that was held virtually this October.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe ocean neodymium cycle is something that people have been studying for a long time,\u201d she said. \u201cBut there are still parts that we\u2019re learning.\u201d<\/p>\n

Because the global ocean circulation system brings water from the surface down to the deep ocean, it is thought to play an important role in trapping atmospheric carbon dioxide and triggering global climate changes.<\/p>\n

According to Hines, different forms of neodymium wind up in the ocean through the weathering of various rocks and minerals. The neodymium composition of the North Atlantic Ocean, which is characterized by older continental crust, is distinct from that of the Pacific Ocean, which has more volcanoes and newly erupted material. These differences make it easier for climate scientists to trace the movement of seawater away from its sources and reconstruct changes in deep ocean currents.<\/p>\n

\u201cTrying to figure out how the ocean impacted climate in the past is interesting in and of itself,\u201d Hines said. \u201cBut it also serves as an important calibration data set to make sure that the models we\u2019re using to look at future climate change are accurate.\u201d<\/p>\n

Right now, the oceans provide a huge \u201ccarbon sink,\u201d absorbing much of the carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels that are warming the planet at a threatening pace. The less carbon dioxide there is in the atmosphere, the colder the planet becomes.<\/p>\n

According to a 2019 report<\/a> by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, smaller glaciers will melt by more than 80% by the end of the century if greenhouse gas emissions continue on their current trajectory. The resulting influx of fresh water will likely disrupt ocean currents and, by extension, the climate in a way humans have yet to see.<\/p>\n

Even if emissions were stabilized tomorrow, it would take many years for the oceans to adjust to the 1\u00b0 C rise in global temperatures that has already occurred.<\/p>\n

In 2016, Hines joined a two month-long deep-sea drilling expedition to South Africa\u2019s Cape Basin on a whim when another researcher couldn\u2019t make the trip. Although she was wrapping up the final year of her PhD program, she had yet to work in the field and didn\u2019t know what to expect.<\/p>\n

\"A
Location map of Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1479, approximately 85 nautical miles southwest of Cape Town, South Africa. Water in this region comes from a complex mix of sources, including the North Atlantic, Indian and Southern Oceans. (Marisa Sloan\/MEDILL)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u201cI was on the day shift, which [was] from noon until midnight,\u201d Hines said. \u201cEvery day we did all this science, and then in the time we had off we hung out and watched movies and watched the stars at night.\u201d<\/p>\n

The first few weeks were new and exciting, she said. Each scientist onboard had his or her own tasks to do, ranging from dating the 9-meter-long sediment cores by their micro-fossils to squeezing water out of them with a hydraulic press.<\/p>\n

By the time the sixth week rolled around, however, everyone was stepping on each other\u2019s toes.<\/p>\n

\u201cThen we made it to Cape Town and had a big party,\u201d she said, laughing. \u201cI remember being most excited to have a beer and eat a salad by the end.\u201d<\/p>\n

The Cape Basin, where Hines traveled in search of ancient sediment cores, lies in The South Atlantic Ocean between the North Atlantic and the Pacific. Her chemical analysis shows a shift toward more Pacific-like water in the area during the last glacial period, from approximately 110,000 to 12,000 years ago\u2060, perhaps revealing an ocean circulation that sequestered carbon dioxide-rich water in the Pacific and stored it in the South Atlantic.<\/p>\n

Bob Anderson, a founder of the international program GEOTRACES<\/a> and professor at Columbia\u2019s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, said her results correlate well with similar studies on carbon and carbonate ions.<\/p>\n

\u201cI agree [with Hines], but I don\u2019t think we can make that as a final conclusion yet,\u201d he said. \u201cWe know from a lot of neodymium data coming out right now that it’s more complicated than people used to think.\u201d<\/p>\n

In fact, another study<\/a> published earlier this year posits an opposite conclusion. It suggests the changes in neodymium concentration in the South Atlantic may actually be a result of changes in the North Atlantic, rather than a switch to water from the Pacific.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhat I think we need are more records from the shallow to mid-depth North Atlantic and from the Pacific,\u201d Hines said.<\/p>\n

That\u2019s the goal of Anderson\u2019s program GEOTRACES, which is designed to study traces of neodymium and a barrage of other elements found within all of the earth\u2019s major ocean basins. So far, scientists from approximately 35 nations have been involved in the expeditions to better understand how the chemical environment affects ecosystem function and vice versa.<\/p>\n

Anderson said he expects those mysteries will be better understood in the next few decades, although he will likely be cheering on scientists like Hines from the sidelines by then.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt will take combining the data that I collected with other people\u2019s data to try and get a more holistic understanding of what happened,\u201d Hines said. \u201cThat\u2019s the hard part. And it\u2019s also the fun part.\u201d<\/p>\n

Marisa Sloan is a health, environment and science reporter at Medill. You can follow her on Twitter at <\/i>@sloan_marisa.<\/i><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Marisa Sloan Medill Reports Despite the sci-fi name of this rare-earth element, neodymium is actually pretty common. The silvery metal is used in everything from cell phones and wind turbines to tanning booths and electric guitars. 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