{"id":97570,"date":"2021-11-16T12:42:08","date_gmt":"2021-11-16T18:42:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/news.medill.northwestern.edu\/chicago\/?p=97570"},"modified":"2021-12-16T13:48:33","modified_gmt":"2021-12-16T19:48:33","slug":"reconstructing-past-tropical-glacier-and-sea-ice-cover-to-model-future-melting","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/news.medill.northwestern.edu\/chicago\/reconstructing-past-tropical-glacier-and-sea-ice-cover-to-model-future-melting\/","title":{"rendered":"Melting tropical glaciers threaten freshwater sources while sea ice melt accelerates rising oceans"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Sarah Anderson
\n<\/strong>Medill Reports<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cTropical glacier\u201d \u2014 \u00a0the term sounds like an oxymoron and, due to climate change, it might become one.<\/p>\n

These bodies of ice nestle in the mountain ranges of tropical regions, providing a major source of freshwater and tourism revenue. However, studies<\/a> predict most tropical glaciers will disappear within the next 10 years.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s hugely important to understand the rate at which these glaciers are melting,\u201d said Alice Doughty, a lecturer of Earth and climate sciences at the University of Maine.<\/p>\n

Doughty and Meredith Kelly, a professor of Earth sciences at Dartmouth College, are developing a model to investigate tropical glacier melt in places such as the Rwenzori Mountains in Uganda and the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy in Colombia. They presented their findings at the virtual 2021 Comer Climate Conference, an annual event usually held in southwestern Wisconsin.<\/p>\n

Glaciers sand down the rock beneath them as they melt, acting \u201csort of like bulldozers,\u201d Kelly said. The debris piles up, depositing a series of ridge-like features called moraines at the glacier\u2019s retreating boundaries. Kelly examines satellite images of a glacier site to identify moraines the glacier left behind, then analyzes samples of rock to determine when the moraines were created. By measuring a type of beryllium atom that accumulates in the rock as it is exposed to Earth\u2019s atmosphere, Kelly can approximate how long ago the rock was freed from the ice\u2019s hold to form the moraine. Collectively, this information allows her to generate a map of the size and shape of the glacier at a specific time in the past.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Moraines in the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy photographed by satellites (left- map and data courtesy of Jordan Herbert, M.S. student at Dartmouth College) and on the ground (right- image courtesy of Gordon Bromley, professor at the University of Maine).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Doughty then works to develop a computer model to simulate how climate variables interact to produce the glacier. She tries to \u201cgrow the glacier,\u201d adjusting temperature, precipitation and other inputs until the glacier output matches Kelly\u2019s map.<\/p>\n

Data from any nearby weather stations provide a useful starting point; observing whether current climate conditions yield the modern glacier helps her evaluate the model. When the simulation is optimized, Kelly and Doughty will be able to use it to predict the effect of climate change on glacial melt.<\/p>\n

\u201cOnce we calibrate the model, we can just as easily make things warmer,\u201d Doughty said. \u201cAnd so we can have estimates like in the Rwenzori, one degree of warming and those glaciers are gone.\u201d<\/p>\n

Other scientists are interested in developing similar models for the melting of sea ice, \u201ca really big part of the climate system,\u201d said Ed Brook, a professor of Earth, ocean and atmospheric sciences at Oregon State University.<\/p>\n

Sea ice helps insulate the ocean from heat and gases in the atmosphere and contributes to sea level rise when it melts, but it doesn\u2019t leave behind the same physical record as glaciers. While seasonal sea ice melting can be tracked using IP25, an organic molecule produced by algae that grow along the receding ice edge, the presence of permanent sea ice in the past has remained elusive.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe don\u2019t have a very good method for reconstructing how much sea ice there was at any particular time,\u201d Brook said.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Frank Pavia is analyzing chunks of Arctic Ocean floor gathered in the mid-1990s, but he has journeyed to other ice-covered seas to collect similar samples. (Image courtesy of Frank Pavia)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Frank Pavia, a postdoctoral researcher in geological and planetary sciences at the California Institute of Technology, presented his research at the Comer Climate Conference, exploring a new way to monitor this more stable sea ice cover. His method relies on interplanetary dust particles, the solar system\u2019s version of dust that rains down on Earth from outer space.<\/p>\n

Interplanetary dust particles deposit a light type of helium atom onto the sea floor. If the surface of the ocean is blocked by ice, however, the particles (and the helium) can\u2019t enter the water. Pavia is examining whether the amount of helium in the ocean floor can be used as a measure of sea ice cover. To account for any differences in helium levels due to changes in how fast atoms settle to the sea floor, he also measures a special thorium atom that is produced inside the ocean and sinks to the bottom at a constant rate, regardless of ice cover.<\/p>\n

To test his method, Pavia acquired samples of the floor of the Arctic Ocean from the Last Glacial Maximum, one period of well-characterized sea ice cover in the Arctic. The age of the samples had been previously determined by measuring a radioactive form of carbon in the shells of tiny marine organisms that indicates when they were alive.<\/p>\n

When sea ice cover was thick, Pavia detected high amounts of thorium but low levels of helium, demonstrating that while atoms were efficiently burying in the sea floor, helium couldn\u2019t access the ocean due to the sea ice. When there was no sea ice cover, he measured similar signals for both thorium and helium, revealing that the helium atoms were successfully deposited into the ice-free ocean. Pavia is also interested in seeing if the period of melting in between gives a surge in helium, corresponding to an influx of interplanetary dust particles that accumulated on top of the ice over time.<\/p>\n

While accurate measurements will require that the dust particles are evenly distributed in the ocean floor rather than concentrated in specific pockets, the approach \u201chas a lot of promise,\u201d Brook said. The prospect of detecting nonseasonal sea ice melting \u2014 an event that leaves very few fingerprints \u2014 via a helium spike could be a major advantage of the method, he said.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s potentially very important, because if the pulse of particles was the signature of melting a bunch of permanent ice, then you would have a sign of that process, which would be very hard to see other ways,\u201d Brook said.<\/p>\n

After further validation, Pavia plans to use his method to reconstruct poorly understood sea ice patterns during past periods of warming in the Arctic. Like Kelly, he aims to provide a map that other researchers can use to test and refine models that simulate sea ice melting as climate change progresses.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe hope is to help improve the projections of sea ice coverage into the future in the Arctic,\u201d Pavia said.<\/p>\n

Sarah Anderson is a health, environment and science reporter at Medill and a Ph.D. chemist. \u00a0Follow her on Twitter @seanderson63.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Sarah Anderson Medill Reports \u201cTropical glacier\u201d \u2014 \u00a0the term sounds like an oxymoron and, due to climate change, it might become one. These bodies of ice nestle in the mountain ranges of tropical regions, providing a major source of freshwater and tourism revenue. However, studies predict most tropical glaciers will disappear within the next […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":783,"featured_media":97573,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5152,5061,28,29,4630],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-97570","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-fall-2021","category-featured","category-general-interest","category-health-and-science","category-technology"],"yoast_head":"\nMelting tropical glaciers threaten freshwater sources while sea ice melt accelerates rising oceans - Medill Reports Chicago<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u201cTropical glacier\u201d \u2014 \u00a0the term sounds like an oxymoron and, due to climate change, it might become one.These bodies of ice nestle in the mountain ranges of tropical regions, providing a major source of freshwater and tourism revenue. 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