{"id":97732,"date":"2021-12-06T16:49:53","date_gmt":"2021-12-06T22:49:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/news.medill.northwestern.edu\/chicago\/?p=97732"},"modified":"2021-12-16T13:33:13","modified_gmt":"2021-12-16T19:33:13","slug":"into-the-unknown-exploring-caves-to-uncover-climate-change-records","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/news.medill.northwestern.edu\/chicago\/into-the-unknown-exploring-caves-to-uncover-climate-change-records\/","title":{"rendered":"Into the unknown: Exploring caves to uncover climate change records"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Christian Elliott and Brittany Edelmann<\/strong>
\nMedill Reports<\/em><\/p>\n

Nearly 20 years ago, then Ph.D. student Gina Moseley walked into a bar in Bristol to meet fellow members of the University of Bristol Spel\u00e6ological Society caving club. An older caver talked with her over drinks about some small caves in northeastern Greenland he\u2019d always dreamed of organizing an expedition to explore. But, \u201clogistically, it’s a nightmare to get out there,\u201d said Moseley, now a professor in the Institute of Geology at the University of Innsbruck in Austria. The caver gave her all the papers he\u2019d collected on the caves, and for years she kept them filed away.<\/span><\/p>\n

Much later, a 1960 article by U.S. military geologists among the papers caught her eye. In their search for prime airfield locations, the geologists discovered caves with interesting geological features — crystalline calcite, stalagmites and flowstone deposits. To Moseley, that was proof Greenland\u2019s caves contained something critical to scientists\u2019 understanding of Earth\u2019s ancient climate.<\/span><\/p>\n

Moseley took her first steps into caving years earlier with her mom on a holiday trip when she was 12. She loved it.<\/span> As she started grad school in Bristol, she discovered she could bring together her fascination with caves and her interest in studying paleoclimate to understand how future climate change \u2014 pushed by fossil fuel emissions of human activities \u2014 will affect the Earth.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Caves are normally \u201cnot altered or impacted by other processes\u201d and \u201cthey’re so well-preserved over thousands of years,\u201d Moseley said. That makes them a great location for climate research and creating records that can function as important analogs for future climate change.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The 2021 Comer Climate Conference on Oct. 4 – 5 brought together scientists from around the world, including Moseley and fellow paleoclimate researcher Kathleen Wendt.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Devil\u2019s Hole<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u201cDevil’s Hole was where it all began. That was the start of cave paleoclimate research,\u201d Moseley said. Paleoclimate scientists first rappelled down into the deep, narrow cave in the Amargosa Desert in southwest Nevada in the late 1980s.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Using cores of the thick calcite crusts on the cave walls, which accumulated steadily over time<\/span>, researchers reconstructed 500,000 years of climate history here with <\/span>Uranium-thorium dating. Uranium-thorium dating provides insight into when a rock was formed– giving a date to the origin of the rock.<\/span><\/p>\n

Devil\u2019s Hole was also where Moseley and Wendt, who has her Ph.D. from the University of Innsbruck in Austria, got their start in cave paleoclimate science. In 2017, they returned to Devils Hole to extend the climate record further and validate the older results.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In their research Moseley and Wendt focused on oxygen isotopes, which provide temperature information about historic temperatures. <\/span>During ice ages, a heavier isotope of oxygen forms at higher levels than during warm spells.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Wendt is getting ready to submit a new paper on the oxygen isotope record from Devils Hole. <\/span>By showing the fluctuation in types of isotopes, heavier versus lighter forms of oxygen, this will give \u201cclues into changes in temperature and a little bit about the source of precipitation over time,\u201d Wendt said.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

They found the water table dropped below modern levels during the last interglacial, 120,000 years ago, when Earth\u2019s orbit brought the planet closer to the sun. That time period is an analog for southern Nevada\u2019s hotter and drier future that will be accelerated beyond natural planetary fluctuations with human-forced extremes of climate change.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cStudying the paleoclimate tells us what nature is capable of,\u201d Wendt said.<\/span><\/p>\n

The Greenland caves<\/b><\/h2>\n

Paleoclimatologists who focus on caves often study speleothems \u2014 mineral deposits formed by dripping water. Protected within caves from the elements, these dripstones (stalagmites and stalactites) and flowstones grow as layers of calcium carbonate carried by rainwater add up over hundreds of thousands of years.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

One of the flowstones Moseley found in the caves was specifically mentioned in the 1960 paper that inspired the expedition.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In Greenland, now a rainless polar desert, speleothems formed during a time when the island\u2019s climate was warmer and wetter. By collecting and sampling speleothems, Moseley can reconstruct that ancient climate period as an analog for the future, when Greenland will once again be warmer and wetter.<\/span><\/p>\n

Over millions of years due to orbital changes, Earth\u2019s climate alternates between warm and cold periods \u2014 interglacials and ice ages called glacials. Paleoclimatologists rely on air bubbles in cores taken from ice sheets in Greenland and the Antarctic to study the composition of the ancient climate\u2019s atmosphere, but there\u2019s a problem \u2014 during warm periods, the ice sheet melts. That\u2019s where the caves come in.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cSo the caves offer the polar opposite of what the ice cores do because the ice cores tend to be cold-based climate records and the caves can give us warm-based climate records. So, we get to the two different parts together,\u201d Moseley said.<\/span><\/p>\n

That\u2019s a common theme in paleoclimatology \u2014 no one climate proxy shows the big picture. To fully understand Earth\u2019s ancient climate, scientists must piece together hundreds of pieces from data from sources across the world.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIf you have one cave in one location, that\u2019s kind of interesting. But if you can relate that to other caves in other locations, ice cores in other locations, deep sea sediments in other locations and get the whole picture, that\u2019s where it really gets interesting. That\u2019s where we can answer the big questions and tackle the big issues,\u201d Moseley said.<\/span><\/p>\n

As the Arctic continues to warm at twice the rate of the rest of the world, understanding what warm and wet historic climate periods were like can help scientists know what to expert in the imminent future.<\/span><\/p>\n

This leads to Moseley\u2019s next adventure in 2023, where she will explore completely untouched caves in Northern Greenland. This was only made possible with an award from Rolex \u2014 which provides funding for such an endeavor.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Christian Elliott and Brittany Edelmann are science and environmental reporters at Medill. You can follow them on Twitter at <\/i> @csbelliott.<\/a> and @brittedelmann.<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Christian Elliott and Brittany Edelmann Medill Reports Nearly 20 years ago, then Ph.D. student Gina Moseley walked into a bar in Bristol to meet fellow members of the University of Bristol Spel\u00e6ological Society caving club. An older caver talked with her over drinks about some small caves in northeastern Greenland he\u2019d always dreamed of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":784,"featured_media":97733,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5152,29,4630],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-97732","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-fall-2021","category-health-and-science","category-technology"],"yoast_head":"\nInto the unknown: Exploring caves to uncover climate change records - Medill Reports Chicago<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/news.medill.northwestern.edu\/chicago\/into-the-unknown-exploring-caves-to-uncover-climate-change-records\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Into the unknown: Exploring caves to uncover climate change records - Medill Reports Chicago\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By Christian Elliott and Brittany Edelmann Medill Reports Nearly 20 years ago, then Ph.D. student Gina Moseley walked into a bar in Bristol to meet fellow members of the University of Bristol Spel\u00e6ological Society caving club. 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