{"id":97901,"date":"2021-12-10T12:19:33","date_gmt":"2021-12-10T18:19:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/news.medill.northwestern.edu\/chicago\/?p=97901"},"modified":"2021-12-24T14:44:22","modified_gmt":"2021-12-24T20:44:22","slug":"climate-conversations-how-to-talk-with-friends-who-repeat-misinformation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/news.medill.northwestern.edu\/chicago\/climate-conversations-how-to-talk-with-friends-who-repeat-misinformation\/","title":{"rendered":"Climate conversations: How to talk with friends who repeat misinformation"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Christian Elliott<\/strong>
\nMedill Reports<\/em><\/p>\n

Human greenhouse gas emissions have heated the Earth 1 degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit) since 1900 \u2013 a rate unprecedented in the last 2,000 years. In October, the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change also announced that over the next 50 to 100 years, climate change will accelerate, with average temperatures rising by 2 to 3 degrees Celsius (3.6 to 5.4 degrees Fahrenheit). Warmer temperatures already cause more frequent and severe heat waves, droughts and tropical cyclones.<\/p>\n

That\u2019s all true, but fake news about climate change is proliferating \u2014 especially on social media. In November the advocacy group Stop Funding Heat published a study that showed Facebook posts that deny climate change get 1.36 million views each day. And 17 years after Michael Crichton published his bestseller \u201cState of Fear,\u201d the novel about eco-terrorists who create mass hysteria about global warming is still spreading misinformation as a mass-market paperback.<\/a><\/p>\n

In a January article in the Journal of Public Relations, Boston University researcher Arunima Krishna sorted Americans into four groups \u2013 disinformation amplifying, receptive, vulnerable and immune. The amplifying group was the vocal minority. \u201cThey\u2019ve accepted disinformation messages, and they are most likely to amplify those messages by sharing their opinions with others,\u201d Krishna said in an interview. \u201cFolks in the immune category definitely need to raise their voices a bit more, because the amplifiers are.\u201d The two middle categories contain most Americans \u2013 people who could fall for falsehoods but whose minds might be opened through conversation, according to Krishna.<\/p>\n

Talking about the problem can help combat misinformation. \u201cFriends and family are the most trusted sources of information about climate change,\u201d said John Cook, a researcher at the Monash Climate Change Communication Research Hub. \u201cWhen people see their friends and family pushing back against misinformation that can be effective in stopping the misinformation from spreading.\u201d Here are some tips for navigating difficult conversations.<\/p>\n

Be curious and empathetic<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u201cEngage in a conversation, not a confrontation,\u201d Krishna said. Try to help friends and family \u201cunderstand where they\u2019re coming from and encourage them to articulate their arguments and think about the logic and assumptions,\u201d Cook said. \u201cYou\u2019re not going to change a person\u2019s mind by making them seem stupid. The goal shouldn\u2019t be to beat that person.\u201d Convey that you\u2019re interrogating the ideas, not the person, said David Rapp, a psychologist at Northwestern University. \u201cIf you confront them and say, \u2018You are wrong,\u2019 you\u2019re not going to get anywhere.\u201d<\/p>\n

Show you\u2019re willing to discuss the issues with genuine curiosity and empathy. That nonconfrontational and open approach lets you critically evaluate the underlying flawed assumptions that prop up \u201csuperficially persuasive\u201d misinformation. \u201cWe all live in our own little bubbles,\u201d Krishna said. \u201cOften, we don\u2019t even hear what the other side is hearing. So, this gives you an opportunity to hear their talking points and equip yourself to counter them.\u201d Then you can find shared values, such as stewardship for the natural world or dislike of pollution and environmental damage.<\/p>\n

Don\u2019t think you must be an expert<\/strong><\/h4>\n

A March survey by the Yale Program on Climate Change Communication found 89% of Americans are \u201csomewhat\u201d or \u201cvery\u201d worried about the crisis, but 67% say they \u201crarely\u201d or \u201cnever\u201d discuss the problem with family and friends. People who care about climate change consistently underestimate how many other people are also concerned. That phenomenon, called \u201cpluralistic ignorance,\u201d results in widespread self-censoring called climate silence. \u201cWe need to have those conversations about climate change to build social momentum, which leads to political momentum, which leads to real action,\u201d Cook said. \u201cJust letting people know that you care sends a social signal that can often be more persuasive than possessing that killer argument.\u201d Just talking about the problem with friends and family at all, Rapp said, encodes climate change into memory as something important.<\/p>\n

Tell people they\u2019ve been misled<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Executives from Shell, Chevron, BP and ExxonMobil appeared before the House Committee on Oversight and Reform on Oct. 28 to face questioning for their role in spreading misinformation. None agreed to stop aggressively lobbying against climate policy. In the five days leading up to the hearing, ExxonMobil spent $565,000 on Facebook ads. Fossil fuel companies sent more lobbyists \u2013 over 500 \u2013 to this year\u2019s COP26 UN climate summit than any single country, according to environmental group Global Witness\u2019 analysis of the UN\u2019s list of corporate attendees.<\/p>\n

For decades, fossil fuel companies have followed a similar playbook. Since 1997, the Koch brothers gave $145 million to climate change-denying think tanks Cook calls \u201cmisinformation factories.\u201d \u201cIf only misinformation were an energy source, it would be very renewable,\u201d he said. Cook suggests bringing up the congressional hearings with the tobacco industry in 1994, when legislators forced executives to account for years of lies about the addictive nature of nicotine and the deadly health effects of cigarette smoking. Scientists working for both cigarette and oil corporations knew their products caused harm and tried to keep that knowledge from the public, he said. His inoculation theory holds that exposing people to commonly used misinformation techniques can help them resist being misled in the future.<\/p>\n

Bring up the scientific consensus<\/strong><\/h4>\n

In Cook\u2019s widely cited 2013 survey of nearly 12,000 peer-reviewed scientific articles on climate, 97% of studies found that human-caused global warming was underway. A 2021 review of the 88,000 articles published since then revealed the consensus is even stronger today \u2013 only 28 papers rejected the scientific consensus. But a March study by the Yale Program on Climate Change Communication found only 1 in 5 Americans understands how strong the level of scientific agreement is.<\/p>\n

If people know scientists unanimously agree that humans are causing the climate to change, they are much more likely to accept it and take action themselves. Experts call it a \u201cgateway belief.\u201d Since the 1990s, coordinated misinformation campaigns and lobbying by conservative think tanks funded by fossil fuel companies have effectively attacked the consensus to slow climate action. In a 2002 memo to President George W. Bush, Republican strategist Frank Luntz wrote, \u201cThere is still a window of opportunity to challenge the science. \u2026 Should the public come to believe that the scientific issues are settled, their views about global warming will change accordingly.\u201d In 1991 the Western Fuels Association spent half a million dollars on a PR campaign to \u201creposition global warming as theory (not fact).\u201d False equivalency \u2013 giving climate change deniers and climate scientists equal airtime in news coverage \u2013 has also played a role in leading the public to believe the consensus level is much lower.<\/p>\n

Use analogies<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Climate misinformation tends to use simple, intuitive claims that \u201cfeel truthy\u201d but rely on flawed logic, according to Rapp. For example: The climate changed naturally in the past; therefore, what\u2019s happening now is natural. Cook suggested making an analogy with cancer: People have died of cancer naturally in the past. Therefore, cigarettes don\u2019t cause cancer. That flawed claim ignores factors like human-generated CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion that can accelerate natural changes. Another example: arguing the weather is cold right now and therefore global warming isn\u2019t happening. That\u2019s the same as saying, \u201cIt\u2019s getting dark, so the sun doesn\u2019t exist,\u201d Cook said.<\/p>\n

Be persistent<\/strong><\/h4>\n

The conservative disinformation campaign relies on repetition. Think tanks base that strategy on psychological research, Rapp said. \u201cIf something gets repeated over and over, the likelihood it\u2019s going to be in memory is stronger. Whether it\u2019s true or not, you feel like \u2018if I can retrieve it easily, it must be true.\u2019\u201d It\u2019s called the \u201ccontinued influence effect.\u201d Disinformation is \u201csticky,\u201d Krishna said. \u201cIt sort of lodges itself there in one\u2019s brain, and then it\u2019s very difficult to dislodge it.\u201d Keep countering misinformation, Cook said. \u201cI\u2019ve spent the last 15 years talking about climate misinformation, and I’m sick to death of talking about it, but I think we need to be persistent in telling that story and informing people.\u201d<\/p>\n

Be realistic<\/strong><\/h4>\n

It\u2019s easy to get frustrated or angry. \u201cI\u2019ve had lots of arguments with my own dad about climate change,\u201d Cook said. \u201cNo one gets me angrier than when he\u2019s being stubborn, and I\u2019ve tried all the killer arguments and fallacies in my arsenal.\u201d You\u2019re unlikely to change someone\u2019s mind in one conversation, Rapp said. The belief can be central to some deniers\u2019 worldviews and identities. \u201cSo, when you\u2019re trying to combat the issue, you\u2019re combatting them as a person,\u201d Rapp said.<\/p>\n

Some people can\u2019t be convinced. But with the staunchest climate deniers, you can still say, \u201cEven if climate change is not real, what\u2019s the downside of having cleaner water and cleaner air?\u201d Krishna said. \u201cIt\u2019s the one point that may actually make the person think, \u2018Yeah, why not?\u201d<\/p>\n

Be hopeful<\/strong><\/h4>\n

It\u2019s getting harder to ignore hotter summers, more frequent wildfires, floods, hurricanes and other unpredictable weather. More Americans than ever now think global warming is happening \u2013 70%, up from 60% a decade ago, according to a Yale study published in March. So, lobbying groups \u201care now transitioning from science denial to solutions denial,\u201d Cook said. \u201cWe\u2019re seeing them argue, \u2018Climate policy is going to raise prices, hurt working families and destroy the economy.\u2019\u201d If you\u2019re already talking about climate change with friends and family, take heart. It\u2019s working. If not, it\u2019s a great time to start.<\/p>\n

Christian Elliott is a science and environmental reporter at Medill. You can follow him on Twitter at<\/i>\u00a0@csbelliott.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Editor’s note, Dec. 24, 2021, 2:40 p.m.: This story has been updated to correct the affiliation of researcher John Cook, who is with the Monash Climate Change Communication Research Hub.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Christian Elliott Medill Reports Human greenhouse gas emissions have heated the Earth 1 degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit) since 1900 \u2013 a rate unprecedented in the last 2,000 years. In October, the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change also announced that over the next 50 to 100 years, climate change will accelerate, with […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":784,"featured_media":97902,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5152,29,2952],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-97901","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-fall-2021","category-health-and-science","category-politics"],"yoast_head":"\nClimate conversations: How to talk with friends who repeat misinformation - Medill Reports Chicago<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/news.medill.northwestern.edu\/chicago\/climate-conversations-how-to-talk-with-friends-who-repeat-misinformation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Climate conversations: How to talk with friends who repeat misinformation - Medill Reports Chicago\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By Christian Elliott Medill Reports Human greenhouse gas emissions have heated the Earth 1 degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit) since 1900 \u2013 a rate unprecedented in the last 2,000 years. 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