By Janice Cantieri
Harvard historian Naomi Oreskes urged hundreds of scientists to step beyond the objectivity of their data and embrace the riskier role as “sentinels” for scientific facts.
“We do need to speak for the facts because the facts don’t speak for themselves,” Oreskes said to an overflowing auditorium at the Boston conference of he American Association for the Advancement of Science. “We live in a world where many people are trying to silence facts,” said the author of “Merchants of Doubt.”
The book and documentary based on it show how the tobacco and sugar industries and climate change deniers cast doubt on scientific facts without ever needing to refute them.
Among scientists today there is often a “fear of losing credibility” if a scientist speaks out in defense of science that has become politicized such as [science supporting] climate change, evolution, or vaccination, she said. But history doesn’t justify that fear and she offered ample examples of scientists taking important political and social positions, she said.
“I know of no evidence that the theory of relativity or the photoelectric effect or any of Einstein’s work lost scientific credibility because he was an advocate of nuclear arms control,” she said. “The fear of losing credibility is exactly that: a fear.”
Oreskes said that scientists like to “let the facts speak for themselves” instead of getting involved. But a responsible scientist should find a “middle-ground” between activism and disengagement by speaking up for scientific truth, she said.
“U.S. scientists are known for being very timid. They’re not people who are boat rockers,” said speech attendee Tom MacGinnis. In that way, scientists “have become part of the establishment, unfortunately.”
Oreskes gave historical examples of scientists who stood up for truth when moral issues were at stake. Climate scientists Roger Revelle, David Keeling, Wallace Broecker, and Harmon Craig spoke out publicly on the dangerous warming effects of carbon dioxide in starting in the early 1960s.
“These leading scientists of a previous generation were acting as sentinels. They were calling attention to an issue that was not yet publicly recognized,” she said. “And as far as we can tell from the archival record, most of the political leaders to whom they reached out were at least receptive to being made aware of the issue.”
Broecker, of Columbia University, remains an active and leading climate researcher who continues to speak out.
With scientific issues such as climate change that require some form of government intervention for solutions to be adopted, the denial of facts is not an issue of scientific illiteracy, she said. It stems from political and ideological loyalties.
“Actually among Republicans, higher levels of education correlates with higher levels of rejection of climate science,” she said.
This rejection stems from a deeply-rooted belief in free market policies or fear that regulation might lead to a “restriction on freedoms,” she said.
“This explains why climate change denial is so much more prevalent in the United States than anywhere else in the world,” she said. “We have in the United States a deeply rooted belief that the government who governs best governs least.”
“Our opponents are motivated by values, and that’s not necessarily wrong. And their arguments do work in part because they do resonate with the values of so many Americans, I mean who doesn’t believe in freedom?” she said.
So Oreskes urged scientists to speak to values that all of us share: “the value of fairness, which includes protecting innocent people from getting hurt; the value of accountability, that those who made a problem have an obligation to address it; and the value of realism, accepting the reality that markets can fail and sometimes there are problems that we have to address when the market doesn’t work efficiently, or doesn’t work at all; and the values of creativity and technological leadership and hard work, of rolling up our sleeves and getting the job done.”
